The study reports on how commonly nine core long-COVID symptoms were diagnosed, and how this compared to people recovering from influenza. The nine core long-COVID symptoms comprise:

• Abnormal breathing – 8%
• Abdominal symptoms – 8%
• Anxiety/depression – 15%
• Chest/throat pain – 6%
• Cognitive problems (‘brain fog’) – 4%
• Fatigue – 6%
• Headache – 5%
• Myalgia (muscle pain) – 1.5%
• Other pain – 7%
• Any of the above features – 37%

Severity of infection, age, and sex affected the likelihood of long-COVID symptoms: long-COVID symptoms were more frequent in those who had been hospitalised, and they were slightly commoner in women. These factors also influenced the symptoms people were likely to experience. For example, older people and men had more breathing difficulties and cognitive problems, whereas young people and women had more headaches, abdominal symptoms and anxiety/depression. Many patients had more than one long-COVID symptom.

The results confirm that a significant proportion of people, of all ages, can be affected by a range of symptoms and difficulties in the six months after COVID-19 infection. These data complement findings from self-report surveys, and show that clinicians are diagnosing patients with these symptoms. We need appropriately configured services to deal with the current and future clinical need.

Dr Max Taquet, NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow

The study also looked at the same symptoms in people recovering from influenza. Long-COVID symptoms did occur after influenza, but were 1.5 times more common after COVID-19.

This study does not explain what causes long-COVID symptoms, nor how severe they are, nor how long they will last. The results do not take into account people who had COVID-19 but were not diagnosed,for example because they were asymptomatic and did not get tested, nor COVID-19 survivors with long-COVID symptoms that had not been recorded in their health records.

Research of different kinds is urgently needed to understand why not everyone recovers rapidly and fully from COVID-19. We need to identify the mechanisms underlying the diverse symptoms that can affect survivors. This information will be essential if the long-term health consequences of COVID-19 are to be prevented or treated effectively.

Professor Paul Harrison, Oxford Health BRC Theme Lead

Read the full paper Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19 in PLOS Medicine,